常见题型：语法填空、完形填空、选择题
时态表示动作发生的时间(现在/过去/将来)和状态(一般/进行/完成/完成进行)。语态表示主语与谓语动作的逻辑关系：主动语态(主语是动作执行者)和被动语态(主语是动作承受者)。上海卷重点考查时态在语篇中的正确运用及特殊主动表被动结构。
一、3组时态对比：
① 一般现在时 vs 现在完成时
The company produces high-quality goods. 这家公司生产高质量产品。(客观事实→一般现在)
The company has produced over 10,000 units so far. 公司至今已生产超1万件。(过去开始持续到现在→现在完成)
⚠️ 现在完成时不可与yesterday/last week等具体过去时间连用！
② 一般过去时 vs 过去完成时
He arrived at the station at 8:00. 他8点到达了车站。(过去具体时间点→一般过去)
He had arrived at the station before the train left. 火车开出前他已到达车站。(过去的过去→过去完成)
⚠️ by the time + 过去时间 → 主句用过去完成时！
③ 一般将来时 vs 将来进行时
We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开会。(将来计划→will do)
We will be having a meeting at 3 p.m. tomorrow. 明天下午3点我们将正在开会。(将来某时刻正在→will be doing)
二、被动语态全部结构：
一般现在: am/is/are done → The classroom is cleaned every day. 教室每天被打扫。
一般过去: was/were done → The letter was written yesterday. 信是昨天写的。
现在完成: have/has been done → The letter has been written. 信已经写好了。
过去完成: had been done → The letter had been written before I arrived. 我到达前信已写好。
一般将来: will be done → The letter will be written soon. 信很快会被写好。
三、⚠️ 主动形式表被动含义：
① need/want/require doing = need/want/require to be done
The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered. 花需要浇水了。
② be worth doing
The book is worth reading twice. 这本书值得读两遍。
③ 感官/特性动词: sell/wash/write/read/drive + well/easily/smoothly
This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料很好洗。The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很顺畅。
语法填空1-2题 + 完形填空0-1题, 占语法总分约15%